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to determine policy

Толкование Перевод

1 determine policy

Макаров: определять политику

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > determine policy
2 policy

n

1) политика; политический курс; стратегия; система; ( towards smth) позиция

2) страховой полис

•

to abandon policy — отходить / отказываться от политики

to abide by policy — придерживаться политики

to adhere to policy — придерживаться политики; быть верным какой-л. политике

to administer policy — проводить политику; осуществлять политику

to adopt policy — принимать политику, брать на вооружение политический курс

to advise smb on policy — быть чьим-л. политическим советником

to advocate policy — отстаивать политику

to apply policy — проводить политический курс

to approve policy — одобрять политику

to argue for tougher policy — настаивать на ужесточении политики

to assign smth the status of state policy — возводить что-л. в ранг государственной политики

to back down from policy — отказываться от какой-л. политики

to be adept at foreign policy — быть искушенным в вопросах внешней политики

to be at odds with policy — противоречить какой-л. политике

to be committed to one's policy — быть приверженным своей политике

to be wary about smb's policy — настороженно относиться к чьему-л. политическому курсу

to break away from smb's policy — отходить от чьей-л. политики

to bring one's defense policy closer together — согласовывать свою политику в области обороны

to camouflage one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to carry out / to carry through policy — проводить политику

to champion policy — защищать / отстаивать политику

to change one's policy — менять свою политику

to condemn policy — осуждать политику

to conduct policy — проводить политику

to conflict with smb's policy — противоречить чьей-л. политике

to continue policy — продолжать политику

to coordinate one's policy over smth — координировать свою политику в каком-л. вопросе

to cover up one's policy — маскировать свою политику

to criticize policy — критиковать политику

to decide policy — определять политику, принимать политические решения

to declare policy — объявлять политику

to denounce policy — осуждать политику

to design policy — планировать политику

to determine policy — определять политику

to develop / to devise policy — разрабатывать политику

to direct policy — руководить политикой

to discredit policy — дискредитировать политику

to dismantle one's policy — отказываться от своей политики

to disrupt policy — срывать политику

to dissociate oneself from smb's policy — отмежевываться от чьей-л. политики

to dither about one's policy — колебаться при проведении своей политики

to dump policy — отказываться от политики

to effect policy — осуществлять политику

to effect a policy of insurance — страховаться; приобретать страховой полис

to elaborate policy — вырабатывать политику

to embark on / to embrace policy — принимать какой-л. политический курс

to employ policy — применять политику

to end policy — прекращать политику

to endanger policy — ставить под угрозу политику

to endorse policy — одобрять политику

to establish policy — устанавливать политику

to examine policy — рассматривать политику

to execute / to exercise policy — проводить политику

to explain policy — разъяснять политику

to expound policy — излагать политику

to express policy — высказывать политические взгляды

to follow policy — следовать политике; проводить политику

to forge policy — вырабатывать политику

to formulate policy — определять политику

to frame policy — вырабатывать политику

to give up policy — отказываться от политики

to guide policy — направлять политику

to halt smb's policy — останавливать чью-л. политику

to harden one's policy — ужесточать свою политику / позицию

to harmonize policy — координировать / согласовывать политику

to hold to policy — придерживаться политики

to implement policy — проводить политику

to initiate policy — положить начало политике

to institutionalize policy — законодательно закреплять политику

to interfere in policy — вмешиваться в политику

to introduce policy — вводить политику

to investigate policy — расследовать политику

to justify one's policy — оправдывать свою политику

to keep policy — сохранять политику неизменной

to keep policy going — продолжать политику

to launch policy — начинать проведение политики

to lay policy before the electorate for approval — излагать политический курс для его одобрения избирателями

to lay down policy — устанавливать политический курс

to lose control of policy — утрачивать контроль над политикой

to maintain policy — продолжать политику

to make policy — быть творцом политики

to make a U-turn in policy — делать поворот на 180 градусов в политике

to make clear one's policy — разъяснять свою политику

to make defense policy — заниматься вопросами обороны

to make one's own policy — принимать самостоятельные политические решения

to map out policy — намечать политический курс

to moderate policy — делать политику более умеренной

to modify policy — изменять политику

to outline policy — намечать политический курс

to overturn policy — отвергать политику, отказываться от какой-л. политики

to present policy — излагать политику

to proclaim one's commitment to policy — публично обязываться проводить какую-л. политику

to profess policy — заявлять о политике

to promote the reform policy — способствовать успеху политики реформ

to propagate policy — пропагандировать / рекламировать политику

to pursue policy — проводить политику

to put across smb's policy to smb — доводить свою политику до кого-л.

to put forward policy — выдвигать политический курс

to put one's policy into practice — осуществлять свою политику

to question policy — подвергать сомнению политику

to railroad through one's policy — протаскивать свою политику

to reappraise one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reassess one's policy toward a country — пересматривать свою политику по отношению к какой-л. стране

to reconsider one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reform policy — перестраивать политику

to reject policy — отвергать политику

to relax one's policy towards smb — смягчать свою политику по отношению к кому-л.

to rethink one's policy — пересматривать свою политику

to reveal policy (of) — разоблачать политику

to reverse one's policy — изменять свою политику

to review policy — 1) делать обзор политики 2) пересматривать политику

to rewrite policy — изменять политику

to set out policy — излагать политику

to shape policy — определять / разрабатывать политику

to signal a change in foreign policy — свидетельствовать об изменении внешней политики

to spearhead one's policy — направлять острие своей политики

to spell out one's policy in advance — заранее излагать свою политику

to stick to a policy — придерживаться какой-л. политики

to support policy — поддерживать политику

to test policy — проверять политику

to thrash out policy — вырабатывать / обсуждать политику

to tighten monetary policy — вводить более строгие правила в финансовой политике

to tone down one's more controversial policy — ограничивать свои менее популярные политические меры

to validate policy — поддерживать какую-л. политику / политическую линию

to violate policy — отступать от политики

to work out policy — разрабатывать политику

- about-turn in policy
- active policy
- adventurist policy
- adventuristic policy
- advocacy of policy
- advocate of policy
- aggressive policy
- agrarian policy
- agricultural policy
- alternative policy
- annexationist policy
- anti-inflationary policy
- anti-national policy
- anti-nuclear policy
- anti-recessionary policy
- appropriate policy
- architect of policy
- arms policy
- austere policy
- austerity policy
- autonomous policy
- balanced policy
- banking policy
- bankrupt policy
- basic policy
- beggar-my-neighbor policy
- bellicose policy
- big stick policy
- big-time policy
- bipartisan policy
- blind-eye policy
- bloc policy
- bomb-in-the-basement policy
- breach of policy
- bridge-building policy
- brinkmanship policy
- brink-of-war policy
- broad-brush policy
- budget policy
- cadres policy
- carrot and stick policy
- cautious policy
- centrist policy
- champion of policy
- change in policy
- change of emphasis in policy
- change of policy
- circumspect policy
- class policy
- clean-air policy
- closed-door trade policy
- coherent policy
- cold war policy
- colonial policy
- colonialist policy
- commercial policy
- commitment to policy of nonintervention
- common policy
- comprehensive national science and technology policy
- comprehensive set of policy
- concerted policy
- conduct of policy
- confrontation policy
- consistent policy
- containment policy
- continuity in policy
- continuity of policy
- continuity with smb's policy
- controversial policy
- coordinated policy
- cornerstone of policy
- counterproductive policy
- country's fundamental policy
- credible policy
- credit card policy
- credit policy
- crumbling policy
- cultural policy
- current policy
- damaging policy
- defeatist policy
- defense policy
- deflationary policy
- demilitarization policy
- democratic policy
- departure in policy
- destabilization policy
- deterrent policy
- development policy
- diametrically opposed policy
- dilatory policy
- diplomatic policy
- disarmament policy
- discretionary policy
- discriminatory policy
- disinflation policy
- distortion of policy
- divide-and-rule policy
- domestic policy
- dynamic policy
- economic and commercial policy
- economic policy
- embargo policy
- emigration policy
- emission policy
- employment policy
- energy policy
- environmental policy
- erroneous policy
- European policy
- even-handed policy
- expansionary policy
- expansionist policy
- experience of policy
- extreme right-wing policy
- fair policy
- farm policy
- far-reaching policy
- far-sighted policy
- federal policy
- financial policy
- firm policy
- fiscal policy
- flexible policy
- for reasons of policy
- foreign aid policy
- foreign policy
- foreign trade policy
- foreign-economic policy
- formation of foreign policy
- formulation of policy
- forward-looking policy
- framework for policy
- free trade policy
- general policy
- generous policy
- give-and-take policy
- global policy
- godfather to policy
- good neighbor policy
- government policy
- government's policy
- great-power policy
- green policy
- gunboat policy
- hands-off policy
- hard-line policy
- harmful policy
- harmonized policy
- health policy
- hegemonic policy
- high-risk policy
- home policy
- ill-thought-out policy
- imperial policy
- imperialist policy
- import policy
- import substitution policy
- in line with policy
- in the field of foreign policy
- inadmissibility of policy
- independent line of policy
- independent policy
- industrial policy
- inflationary policy
- inhuman policy
- instigatory policy
- insurance policy
- internal policy
- international policy
- internment policy
- interventionist policy
- intolerableness of policy
- investment policy
- iron-fist policy
- irreversible policy
- it's against our policy
- kid-glove policy
- labor mediation policy
- laissez-faire policy
- land policy
- language policy
- leash-loosening policy
- left-wing policy
- lending policy
- liberal policy
- liberalization of policy
- liberalized policy
- line of policy
- long-range policy
- long-term policy
- lunatic policy
- main plank of smb's policy
- major changes to policy
- manifestation of policy
- maritime policy
- marketing policy
- massive condemnation of smb's policy
- militaristic policy
- misconduct of policy
- mobile policy
- moderate policy
- monetarist policy
- monetary policy
- much-heralded policy
- mushy policy
- national policy
- nationalistic policy
- nationalities policy
- native policy
- nativist policy
- neo-colonialist policy
- NEP
- neutral policy
- neutrality policy
- New Economic Policy
- news policy
- nonaligned policy
- nonalignment policy
- noninterference policy
- nonintervention policy
- nonnuclear policy
- nuclear defense policy
- nuclear deterrent policy
- nuclear policy
- nuclear-free policy
- obstructionist policy
- official policy
- official trade policy
- oil policy
- old faces can't make new policy
- one-child-family policy
- one-sided policy
- open-door policy
- openly pursued policy
- opportunistic policy
- optimal policy
- ostrich policy
- ostrich-like policy
- outward-looking policy
- overall policy
- overtly racist policy
- parliamentary policy
- party policy
- passive policy
- pay-curb policy
- peace policy
- peaceful policy
- peace-loving policy
- personnel policy
- plunderous policy
- policy from positions of strength
- policy from strength
- policy in science and technology
- policy is bearing fruit
- policy is constitutional
- policy of a newspaper
- policy of aid
- policy of alliances
- policy of amicable cooperation with smb
- policy of appeasement
- policy of belt-tightening
- policy of capitulation
- policy of compromise
- policy of conciliation
- policy of confrontation
- policy of connivance
- policy of containment
- policy of cooperation
- policy of democracy and social progress
- policy of détente
- policy of deterrence
- policy of dictate
- policy of discrimination
- policy of economic blockade and sanctions
- policy of economy
- policy of elimination
- policy of expansion and annexation
- policy of fiscal rigor
- policy of freedom of expression
- policy of friendship
- policy of genocide
- policy of good-neighborliness
- policy of goodwill
- policy of inaction
- policy of intervention
- policy of intimidation
- policy of isolation
- policy of militarism
- policy of militarization
- policy of military confrontation
- policy of military force
- policy of national reconciliation
- policy of neutrality
- policy of nonalignment
- policy of noninterference
- policy of nonintervention
- policy of nonviolence
- policy of obstruction
- policy of openness
- policy of pacification
- policy of peace
- policy of peaceful co-existence
- policy of plunder
- policy of protectionism
- policy of racial segregation and discrimination
- policy of reconciliation
- policy of reform
- policy of reforms
- policy of regulating prices
- policy of renewal
- policy of restraint
- policy of revanche
- policy of revenge
- policy of subjugation
- policy of violence
- policy of wage restraint
- policy of war
- policy towards a country
- policy vis-à-vis a country
- policy with regard to a country
- policy won out
- political policy
- population policy
- position-of-strength policy
- practical policy
- predatory policy
- price control policy
- price-formation policy
- price-pricing policy
- pricing policy
- principled policy
- progressive policy
- proponent of policy
- protagonist of policy
- protectionist policy
- pro-war policy
- pro-Western policy
- public policy
- push-and-drag policy
- racial policy
- racist policy
- radical policy
- rapacious policy
- reactionary policy
- realistic policy
- reappraisal of policy
- reassessment of policy
- recession-induced policy
- reevaluation of policy
- reexamination of policy
- reform policy
- reformist policy
- regional policy
- renewal of policy
- re-orientation of policy
- repressive policy
- resettlement policy
- rethink of policy
- retrograde policy
- revanchist policy
- reversal of policy

- revision of policy
- revisionist policy
- rigid economic policy
- robust foreign policy
- ruinous policy
- safe policy
- sanctions policy
- scientifically substantiated policy
- scorched-earth policy
- selfless policy
- separatist policy
- shift in policy

- shoot-to-kill anti-terrorist policy
- short-sighted policy
- single-child policy
- social policy
- socio-economic policy
- sound policy
- splitting policy
- state policy
- state remuneration of labor policy
- stated policy
- staunch policy
- sterile policy
- stick-and-carrot policy
- stringent policy
- strong policy
- structural policy
- suitable policy
- sustained policy
- sweeping review of policy
- switch in policy
- tariff policy
- tax policy
- taxation policy
- technological policy
- tight policy
- tightening of policy
- time-serving policy
- tough policy
- toughening of policy
- trade policy
- trade-unionist policy
- traditional policy
- treacherous policy
- turn in policy
- turning point in policy
- unified policy
- united policy
- unsophisticated policy
- U-turn in policy
- viability of policy
- vigorous policy
- vote-losing policy
- wage policy
- wage-freeze policy
- wages policy
- wait-and-see policy
- war-economy policy
- wealth-creating policy
- whip-and-carrot policy
- wise policy
- world policy
- zigzags in policy

Politics english-russian dictionary > policy
3 policy

n політика

- agreed policy узгоджена політика

- appeasement policy політика примирення

- belligerent policy войовнича політика

- big stick policy амер. політика великої палиці

- bipartisan policy двопартійна політика

- block policy блокова політика

- carrot and stick policy політика батога і пряника

- commercial policy комерційна політика

- Common Agricultural P. Спільна сільськогосподарська політика (ЄС)

- domestic policy внутрішня політика

- export policy експортна політика

- flexible policy гнучка політика

- foreign policy зовнішня політика

- give-and-take policy політика взаємних поступок

- hands-off policy політика невтручання

- home policy внутрішня політика

- industrial policy промислова політика

- import policy імпортна політика

- internal policy внутрішня політика

- international policy міжнародна політика

- kid-glove policy обережна політика

- monetary policy монетарна політика

- omnidirectional policy політика у всіх напрямках

- open-door policy політика відкритих дверей

- patch-up policy політика згладження (протиріч)

- peace policy мирна політика

- policy row політичний скандал

- scorched earth policy політика випаленої землі

- stop and go policy політика стримування і стимулювання

- strategic trade policy стратегічна торговельна політика

- trade policy торговельна політика

- wait-and-see policy вичікувальна політика

- policy of arm-twisting політика "викручування рук"

- policy of neutrality політика нейтралітету

- lurches of policy коливання в політиці

- to carry on a policy проводити політику

- to conduct a policy проводити політику

- to determine policy визначати політику

- to follow policy проводити політику

- to form a policy визначати політику

- to justify one's policy виправдовувати чиюсь політику

- to pursue a policy проводити політику

- to shape a policy визначати політику

- to reject a policy відкидати політику

- to validate one's policy виправдовувати чиюсь політику

- Good-Neighbour P. політика добросусідства (доктрина США відносно латиноамериканських країн)

English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > policy
4 policy

I
n

1) политика

- for reasons of policy

- critical issues of policy

- lurches of policy

- conduct a policy

- carry on a policy

- pursue a policy

- follow an independent policy

- endorse a policy

- approve a policy

- buck smb.'s policy

- attack smb.'s policy

- commit oneself to a policy

- condemn smb.'s policy

- drift to shift away from the policy

- drift away shift away from the policy

- drop the policy

- abandon the policy

- elaborate policy

- make policy

- form a policy

- shape a policy

- set out a policy

- enunciate a policy

- fail to explain one's policies persuasively

- harden one's policy

- validate one's policy

- justify one's policy

- re-examine one's policy

- revise one's policy

- review one's policy

- reject a policy

- uphold a policy

- reconcile policies

- stick with existing policies

- moderate a policy toward a country

- offer a positive policy

- have misgivings about smb.'s policy

- revive the cold war policy

- policy in favour of the status quo

- watering-down of the policy

2) линия поведения; курс, стратегия

•

- audacious policy

- objectives of foreign policy

- social policy

- nuclear-freeze policy

- interest rate policies

- independent foreign policy

- credit policy

- two-track policy

- fiscal policy

- belligerent policy

- flexible policy

- policy of détente

- stand for the continuity in foreign policy

- policy of appeasement

- home policy

- major foreign policy decisions

- international monetary policy

- antagonistic policies policy

- policy of international solidarity

- price support policy

- realistic policy

- investment policy

- foreign policy

- near-optimal policy

- mandatory sanctions policy

- policy of the status quo

- imperialist foreign policy

- discredit smb.'s foreign policy

- give-and-take policy

- policy of accommodation

- denigrate smb.'s foreign policy

- class policy

- define an alternative foreign policy

- stabilization policy

- expectant policy

- arms control policy

- policy measures

- policy of dragging-out

- position-of-strength policy

- optimal policy

- policy statement

- policy of conciliation

- formulation of foreign policy

- maximum profit policy

- peace policy

- principled class policy

- policy shift

- embargo policy

- incomes policy

- anti-inflationary policies

- basis of foreign policy

- established policy

- racist policy on immigration

- stop-and-go policy

- internal policy

- constructive foreign policy

- demographic policy

- prices and incomes policy

- patch-up policy

- lending policy

- export policy

- common pricing policy

- cloak and dagger policy

- long-range policy

- proclaim one's foreign policy

- reversal of foreign policy

- expansionist policy

- common energy policy

- brink-of-war policy

- policy of adventurism

- flip and flop policy

- crediting policy

- adjustment policy

- disguise the true nature of one's foreign policy

- safe policy

- character of foreign policy

- articulate one's foreign policy

- nondiscretionary policy

- purchasing policy

- cheeseparing policy

- policy organs

- policy of bluff

- see-saw policy

- block policy

- kid-glove policy

- policy of linkage

- long-run policy

- overt policy

- policy of neutrality

- budgetary policy

- policy of dictat

- tight credit and money policy

- colonial policy

- international policy

- stocking policy

- open market policy

- inward-looking policy

- hands-off policy

- conduct of foreign policy

- policy of pin-pricks

- tighten monetary policy

- misunderstand smb.'s foreign policy

- policy of arm-twisting

- competition policy

- embark upon a brigand policy

- policy makers

- key determinant of foreign policy

- bipartisan policy

- policy of go-it-alone

- monetarist policy

- major issues of foreign policy

- appeasement policy

- profit policy

- short-sighted policy

- evolve a new foreign policy

- radical policy

- sound monetary policy

- pricing policy

- carrot and stick policy

- reflationary policy

- expenditure switching policy

- cornerstone of foreign policy

- break with the policy of détente

- trading policy

- tax policy

- outward-looking policy

- management policy

- agreed policy

- sales policy

- peaceful policy

- irresponsible policy

- farm policy

- social and economic policies

- good neighbour policy

- shifts in foreign policy

- laissez-faire policy

- policy body

- instrument of foreign policy

- policy of peace

- discriminatory trading policy

- make a major foreign policy decision

- policy of aggression

- foreign trade policy

- core of foreign policy

- extortionist policy of prices

- twist policy

- import policy

- effectiveness of foreign policy

- discriminatory crediting policy

- policy of expansion

- regional policy

- re-expansionary policy

- commercial policy

- neocolonialist policy

- libel smb.'s foreign policy

- conciliatory policy

- detect the true nature of smb.'s foreign policy

- policy of direct confrontation

- policy of brinkmanship

- import substitution policy

- open door policy

- official trade policy

- policy decisions

- counteract policies of aggression

- scorched earth policy

- adapt one's foreign policy to

- economic policy

- expansionary policy

- aggressive policy

- myopic policy

- crucial issues of foreign policy

- re-examine the premises of one's foreign policy

- external policy

- deflation policy

- reactionary imperialist policy

- big stick policy

- peaceable policy

- forward-looking policy

- neocolonial policy

- middle-of-the-road policy

- long-term policy

- wait-and-see policy

- uniform agricultural policy

- plunderous policy

- monetary policy

- prices and wages policy

- incomes standstill policy

- domestic policy

- brigand policy

- trade policy

- policy of total contention

- consistent policy

- policy of wrecking tentative agreements

- policy of economy

- determine one's foreign policy

- public policy

- protectionist policy

- premises of foreign policy

- deflationary monetary policy

- vigorous promulgation policy

- responsible policy

- inflationary policy
II
n

страховой полис

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > policy
5 determine foreign policy

Дипломатический термин: (ясно) определить (свою) внешнюю политику

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > determine foreign policy
6 determine the foreign policy

Макаров: определять внешнеполитический курс

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > determine the foreign policy
7 determine foreign policy

(ясно) определить (свою) внешнюю политику

Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > determine foreign policy
8 ♦ (to) determine

♦ (to) determine /dɪˈtɜ:mɪn/
A v. t.

1 determinare; stabilire: an enquiry to determine who was responsible, un'inchiesta per determinare chi era responsabile; We need to determine exactly what happened, dobbiamo determinare con esattezza cosa sia successo; His fate has not been determined yet, la sua sorte non è stata ancora stabilita; It is for the government to determine economic policy, spetta al governo stabilire la politica economica; The jury will determine whether he is innocent or guilty, la giuria stabilirà se è innocente o colpevole

2 determinare, causare: (econ.) Demand determines prices, la domanda determina i prezzi; The availability of food determines the size of the population, la disponibilità di cibo determina la grandezza della popolazione; There are many factors that determine how a team performs, ci sono molti fattori che determinano la qualità delle prestazioni di una squadra

3 determinare, calcolare: One way to look at the most common languages is to determine the number of native speakers, un modo di considerare le lingue più comuni è determinare il numero dei parlanti di lingua madre

4 (leg.) risolvere, rescindere ( un contratto e sim.)

B v. i.

(form.) decidersi; risolversi: He has determined to stay here, si è deciso a rimanere qui; We determined on leaving at once, ci siamo risolti a partire subito.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) determine
9 ♦ (to) determine

♦ (to) determine /dɪˈtɜ:mɪn/
A v. t.

1 determinare; stabilire: an enquiry to determine who was responsible, un'inchiesta per determinare chi era responsabile; We need to determine exactly what happened, dobbiamo determinare con esattezza cosa sia successo; His fate has not been determined yet, la sua sorte non è stata ancora stabilita; It is for the government to determine economic policy, spetta al governo stabilire la politica economica; The jury will determine whether he is innocent or guilty, la giuria stabilirà se è innocente o colpevole

2 determinare, causare: (econ.) Demand determines prices, la domanda determina i prezzi; The availability of food determines the size of the population, la disponibilità di cibo determina la grandezza della popolazione; There are many factors that determine how a team performs, ci sono molti fattori che determinano la qualità delle prestazioni di una squadra

3 determinare, calcolare: One way to look at the most common languages is to determine the number of native speakers, un modo di considerare le lingue più comuni è determinare il numero dei parlanti di lingua madre

4 (leg.) risolvere, rescindere ( un contratto e sim.)

B v. i.

(form.) decidersi; risolversi: He has determined to stay here, si è deciso a rimanere qui; We determined on leaving at once, ci siamo risolti a partire subito.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ (to) determine
10 to determine the size

to determine the size (the time, the day, smb's/one's policy, one's course of action) определять размер (время, день, чью-либо/свою политику, свою линию поведения)

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to determine the size
11 network policy

"A set of conditions, settings, and constraints that determine who can connect to a network. Network policy is configured by a network administrator."

نهج الشبكة

English-Arabic terms dictionary > network policy
12 to determine one's foreign policy

(ясно) определить (свою) внешнюю политику

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to determine one's foreign policy
13 govern

verb

1) (to rule: The queen governed (the country) wisely and well.) gobernar

2) (to influence: Our policy is governed by three factors.) regir

govern vb gobernar

govern

tr['gʌvən]

transitive verb

1 gobernar, dirigir

2 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL regir

3 (determine) dictar

intransitive verb

1 gobernar

2 (predominate) predominar, prevalecer

govern ['gʌvərn] vt

1) rule: gobernar

2) control, determine: determinar, controlar, guiar

3) restrain: dominar (las emociones, etc.)

govern vi

: gobernar

govern

v.

• dominar v.

• gobernar v.

• mandar v.

• regir (Jurisprudencia) v.

'gʌvərn, 'gʌvən
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( rule) gobernar*

b) ( determine) determinar

the laws governing trade practices — las leyes que regulan la práctica comercial

c) governing pres p < party> de gobierno; < principle> rector

governing body — organismo m rector

2) ( Ling) \<\<case\>\> regir*

2.

vi gobernar*

['ɡʌvǝn]
1. VT

1) (=rule) [+ country] gobernar

2) (=control) [+ city, business] dirigir; [+ choice, decision] guiar; [+ emotions] dominar

3) (Ling) regir

2.

VI (Pol) gobernar

* * *
['gʌvərn, 'gʌvən]
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( rule) gobernar*

b) ( determine) determinar

the laws governing trade practices — las leyes que regulan la práctica comercial

c) governing pres p < party> de gobierno; < principle> rector

governing body — organismo m rector

2) ( Ling) \<\<case\>\> regir*

2.

vi gobernar*

English-spanish dictionary > govern
14 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
15 aggregation

сущ.

1) агрегирование, агрегация, соединение частей ( как процесс)

а) общ. ( объединение однородных или разнородных элементов в одно целое)

Syn:

unitizing

б) стат. (объединение, укрупнение показателей по какому-л. признаку)

в) гос. фин. (суммирование стоимости дарений для определения ставки налога на передачу капитала)

See:

capital transfer tax

г) фин. (суммирование и взаимозачет платежей по свопам при досрочном завершении свопов в рамках одного общего соглашения)

See:

swap

д) марк. (маркетинговая стратегия, направленная на расширение базы потребителей путем выявления универсальных нужд и предпочтений людей и налаживания массового производства, массового распределения и проведения массовых рекламных компаний)

See:

mass marketing

е) пол. (комбинирование интересов различных групп при формировании политической программы)

2)

а) общ. агрегат, конгломерат, агрегация (нечто, составленное из однородных или разнородных элементов)

б) пат. агрегация (набор работающих независимо друг от друга элементов, который не дает нового положительного эффекта)

* * *
агрегирование: 1) суммирование стоимости дарений для определения ставки налога на передачу капитала ( Великобритания); см. capital transfer tax; 2) расчет платежей при досрочном завершении свопов в рамках одного общего соглашения.
* * *

Суммирование, обобщение, агрегация
. Процесс в корпоративном финансовом планировании, который предполагает суммирование малых инвестиционных предложений каждой из операционных единиц компании, что в результате рассматривается как значительная сумма . The combination of several business operations into a larger unit. Primarily used to combine passive trade or business undertakings into one or more activities in order to determine whether a taxpayer is a material participant. The policy under which all futures positions owned or controlled by one trader or a group of traders are combined to determine report-able positions and speculative limits. Словарь экономических терминов .

Англо-русский экономический словарь > aggregation
16 govern

['gʌvn] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) amm. pol. governare [country, colony]; amministrare [city, province]

2) (control) [ law] regolare, determinare [conduct, sale, use]

3) (determine) determinare [development, decision]

4) form. (restrain) controllare, tenere a freno [feelings, temper]

5) ling. reggere

6) el. tecn. regolare [flow, speed]
2.
verbo intransitivo [parliament, president] governare; [administrator, governor] amministrare

* * *

verb

1) (to rule: The queen governed (the country) wisely and well.) governare

2) (to influence: Our policy is governed by three factors.) reggere, guidare

* * *
['gʌvn] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) amm. pol. governare [country, colony]; amministrare [city, province]

2) (control) [ law] regolare, determinare [conduct, sale, use]

3) (determine) determinare [development, decision]

4) form. (restrain) controllare, tenere a freno [feelings, temper]

5) ling. reggere

6) el. tecn. regolare [flow, speed]
2.
verbo intransitivo [parliament, president] governare; [administrator, governor] amministrare

English-Italian dictionary > govern
17 basis

n (pl bases)

базис; основание; основа, база

- on this basis

- basis for conducting relations

- on the basis of equality

- on the basis of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity

- on a case-by-case basis

- determine on a case-by-case basis

- determine on a one-by-one basis

- on a collective basis

- on a compensation basis

- on a contractual basis

- on a firm basis

- on a global basis

- on a mutually advantageous basis

- on a mutually agreed basis

- on a non-discriminatory basis

- on a parity basis

- on a piecemeal basis

- on a reciprocal basis

- on a roughly proportionate basis

- on equal percentage basis

- on a provisional basis

- on a voluntary basis

- provide a basis for smth.

- political basis of society

- contractual basis

- economical basis

- social basis

- compensation basis

- basis of a complaint

- basis of foreign policy

- legal basis

- contract basis

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > basis
18 shape

shape

A n

1 (form, outline) (of object, building etc) forme f ; ( of person) silhouette f ; a square/triangular/star shape une forme carrée/triangulaire/d'étoile ; what shape is it? de quelle forme est-ce? ; to change shape [substance] changer de forme ; to be an odd shape avoir une drôle de forme ; to be the right/wrong shape [object] avoir/ne pas avoir la forme qu'il faut ; [person] avoir/ne pas avoir la silhouette qu'il faut ; to be round/square in shape avoir la forme d'un rond/d'un carré ; it's like a leaf in shape de forme cela ressemble à une feuille ; in the shape of a star/a cat en forme d'étoile/de chat ; to carve/cut/mould sth into shape donner forme à qch en le sculptant/taillant/modelant ; to keep its shape [garment] garder sa forme ; to keep one's shape [person] garder sa ligne ; to take shape [sculpture, building] prendre forme ; to be out of shape [garment] ne plus avoir de forme ; to go out of shape, to lose its shape [garment] se déformer ; to bend/knock sth out of shape gauchir/défoncer qch ; in all shapes and sizes de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; cookers come in all shapes and sizes il existe des cuisinières de toutes les formes et de toutes les tailles ; the prince took on the shape of a frog le prince a pris la forme d'une grenouille ;

2 ( optimum condition) forme f ; to be in/out of shape être/ne pas être en forme ; to get in/keep in shape se mettre/se maintenir en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ sb in(to) shape mettre qn en forme ; to get/knock/lick ○ /whip ○ sth into shape mettre qch au point or en état [project, idea, proposal, report, essay] ;

3 fig (character, structure) gen forme f ; ( of organization) structure f ; technology that influences the shape of the labour market technologie qui influe sur la structure du marché du travail ; he determined the whole shape of 20th century poetry il a déterminé la forme de la poésie du vingtième siècle ; to take shape [plan, project, idea] prendre forme ; [events] prendre tournure ; the likely shape of currency union la forme que prendra probablement l'union monétaire ; this will determine the shape of political developments over the next decade ceci déterminera l'évolution politique de la prochaine décennie ; my contribution took the shape of helping/advising… j'ai contribué en aidant/en conseillant… ; whatever the shape of the new government ( in composition) quelle que soit la composition du nouveau gouvernement ; ( in style) quelle que soit la forme que prendra le nouveau gouvernement ; to spell out the shape of a proposal expliquer clairement les grandes lignes d'une proposition ; to decide what shape one's apology should take décider comment on va présenter ses excuses ; developments which have changed the shape of our lives des développements qui ont changé notre mode de vie ; the shape of things to come ce que sera or ce que nous réserve l'avenir ; X comes in many shapes and forms il y a toutes sortes de X ; tips in any shape or form are forbidden les pourboires de toutes sortes sont interdits ; I don't condone violence in any shape or form je ne pardonne pas la violence, sous quelque forme que ce soit ; I wasn't involved in the matter in any way, shape or form je n'étais, en aucune manière, impliqué dans cette affaire ;

4 ( guise) in the shape of sous (la) forme de ; help arrived in the shape of a policeman/a large sum of money les secours sont arrivés en la personne d'un agent de police/sous (la) forme d'une importante somme d'argent ; he eats a lot of fat in the shape of chips and burgers il mange beaucoup de matière grasse sous (la) forme de frites et de hamburgers ;

5 (vague, indistinguishable form) forme f, silhouette f ; the shape under the bedclothes groaned la forme sous les couvertures a grogné ;

6 Culin (mould for jelly, pastry) moule m ;

7 Culin ( moulded food) ( of jelly) gelée f ; (of pudding, rice) gâteau m ; ( of meat) pâté m, terrine f.

B vtr

1 (fashion, mould) [person] modeler [clay, dough] ; sculpter [wood, stone] ; [wind, rain] façonner, sculpter [rock, region] ; [hairdresser] couper [hair] ; he shaped my hair into a bob/into layers il m'a coupé les cheveux au carré/en dégradé ; we shaped the sand into a mound nous avons façonné le sable en forme de butte ; the statue had been shaped out of a single block of stone la statue avait été sculptée dans un seul bloc de pierre ; caves shaped out of the rock by the action of the water des grottes creusées dans la roche par l'action de l'eau ; shape the dough into balls faites des boules avec la pâte ; to shape the material/cardboard into a triangle faire un triangle dans le tissu/carton ;

2 fig [person, event] influencer ; ( stronger) déterminer [future, idea] ; modeler [character] ; [person] formuler [policy, project] ; you could play a part in shaping this country's future vous pourriez avoir un rôle dans la détermination de l'avenir du pays ;

3 Sewing ( fit closely) ajuster [garment] ; a jacket shaped at the waist une veste cintrée.

Phrasal verb

■ shape up

1 ( develop) [person] s'en sortir ; she's shaping up really well as a manager elle s'en sort bien comme directrice ; how are things shaping up at (the) head office? quelle tournure prennent les choses au siège? ; to be shaping up to be être en train de devenir ; this game is shaping up to be an enthralling contest ce jeu est en train de devenir un concours passionnant ;

2 ( meet expectations) être à la hauteur ; if he doesn't shape up, fire him s'il n'est pas à la hauteur, renvoie-le ; shape up or ship out ○ ! si tu n'es pas à la hauteur prends la porte! ;

3 ( improve one's figure) se mettre en forme.

Big English-French dictionary > shape
19 establish

1. transitive verb
1) (set up, create, found) schaffen [Einrichtung, Präzedenzfall, Ministerposten]; gründen [Organisation, Institut]; errichten [Geschäft, Lehrstuhl, System]; einsetzen, bilden [Regierung, Ausschuss]; herstellen [Kontakt, Beziehungen] ( with zu); aufstellen [Rekord]; ins Leben rufen, begründen [Bewegung]

establish one's authority — sich (Dat.) Autorität verschaffen

establish law and order — Recht und Ordnung herstellen

2) (secure acceptance for) etablieren

become established — sich einbürgern

establish one's reputation — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

3) (prove) beweisen [Schuld, Unschuld, Tatsache]; unter Beweis stellen [Können]; nachweisen [Anspruch]

4) (discover) feststellen; ermitteln [Umstände, Aufenthaltsort]
2. reflexive verb
establish oneself [at or in a place] — sich [an einem Ort] niederlassen

* * *
[i'stæbliʃ]
verb

1) (to settle firmly in a position (eg a job, business etc): He established himself (in business) as a jeweller.) sich niederlassen

2) (to found; to set up (eg a university, a business): How long has the firm been established?) gründen

3) (to show to be true; to prove: The police established that he was guilty.) feststellen

•

- academic.ru/25046/established">established
- establishment
- the Establishment
* * *

es·tab·lish

[ɪˈstæblɪʃ, esˈ-]

I. vt

1. (found, set up)

▪ to \establish sth etw gründen

to \establish an account ein Konto eröffnen

to \establish a beachhead einen Brückenkopf errichten

to \establish a commission eine Kommission bilden

to \establish a dictatorship eine Diktatur errichten

to \establish a home/a household ein Heim/einen Haushalt gründen

to \establish a new home sich dat ein neues Zuhause einrichten

to \establish a hospital ein Krankenhaus errichten

to \establish a rule/theory eine Regel/Theorie aufstellen

to \establish oneself in business sich akk geschäftlich durchsetzen [o etablieren

2. (begin)

▪ to \establish sth etw einführen

to \establish contact with sb mit jdm Kontakt [o Fühlung] aufnehmen

to \establish relations Verbindungen herstellen

to \establish a relationship with sb eine Beziehung zu jdm aufbauen

to \establish the rule of law Recht und Ordnung herstellen

to \establish ties Kontakte knüpfen

3. (set)

▪ to \establish sth etw schaffen [o herstellen]

we have \established parity with wages in other companies wir haben im Lohnniveau mit anderen Firmen gleichgezogen

to \establish a criterion ein Kriterium festlegen

to \establish a norm eine Norm definieren

to \establish a policy eine politische Linie einschlagen

to \establish a precedent einen Präzedenzfall schaffen

to \establish priorities Prioritäten setzen

to \establish a quota eine Quote festlegen

to \establish a standard/terminology einen Maßstab/eine Terminologie festlegen

to \establish a world record einen Weltrekord aufstellen

4. (secure, make firm)

▪ to \establish sth etw durchsetzen

to \establish one's authority over sb [or supremacy] sich dat Autorität gegenüber jdm verschaffen

to \establish a monopoly ein Monopol errichten

to \establish order für Ordnung sorgen

to \establish one's reputation as a sth sich dat einen Namen als etw machen

to \establish one's rights seine Rechte geltend machen

5. (demonstrate)

▪ to \establish sth etw zeigen [o demonstrieren]

to \establish one's superiority to sb/sth sich akk jdm/etw gegenüber als überlegen erweisen

▪ to \establish sb/oneself as sth:

her latest book has \established her as one of our leading novelists ihr jüngstes Buch zeigt, dass sie eine unserer führenden Romanautorinnen ist

he's \established himself as a dependable source of information er hat sich als verlässliche Informationsquelle erwiesen

6. (prove)

▪ to \establish sth etw nachweisen

we've \established that... wir haben festgestellt, dass...

to \establish a claim einen Anspruch nachweisen

to \establish the constitutionality of a law die Verfassungsmäßigkeit eines Gesetzes feststellen

to \establish the facts den Sachverhalt klären

to \establish the truth die Wahrheit herausfinden

to \establish where/whether... feststellen, wo/ob...

▪ to \establish that... herausfinden, dass...

7. (declare)

to \establish one's residence ( form) sich akk niederlassen, seinen Wohnsitz begründen form

II. vi gedeihen, aufblühen

* * *
[I'stblɪʃ]
1. vt

1) (= found, set up) gründen; government bilden; laws geben, schaffen; custom, new procedure einführen; relations herstellen, aufnehmen; links anknüpfen; post einrichten, schaffen; power, authority sich (dat) verschaffen; peace stiften; order (wieder) herstellen; list (in publishing) aufstellen, zusammenstellen; reputation sich (dat) verschaffen; precedent setzen; committee einsetzen

once he had established his power as Emperor — als er seine Macht als Kaiser begründet hatte

his father established him in business — sein Vater ermöglichte ihm den Start ins Geschäftsleben

to establish one's reputation as a scholar/writer — sich (dat) einen Namen als Wissenschaftler(in)/Schriftsteller(in) machen

2) (= prove) fact, innocence beweisen, nachweisen; claim unter Beweis stellen

we have established that... — wir haben bewiesen or gezeigt, dass...

3) (= determine) identity, facts ermitteln, feststellen

4) (= gain acceptance for) product, theory, ideas Anklang or Anerkennung finden für; one's rights Anerkennung finden für

if we can establish our product on the market — wenn wir unser Produkt auf dem Markt etablieren können

2. vr
(in business, profession) sich etablieren, sich niederlassen
he has now firmly established himself in the company — er ist jetzt in der Firma fest etabliert

he seems to have established himself as an expert — er scheint sich (dat) einen Ruf als Experte verschafft zu haben

* * *

establish [ıˈstæblıʃ] v/t

1. festsetzen, einrichten, errichten, etablieren:

establish an account ein Konto eröffnen;

establish a law ein Gesetz einführen oder erlassen;

establish a republic eine Republik gründen;

establish a theory eine Theorie aufstellen

2. a) jemanden einsetzen, ernennen

b) einen Ausschuss etc bilden, einsetzen, schaffen

c) ein Geschäft etablieren, (be)gründen, errichten

d) seinen Wohnsitz begründen

3. establish o.s. WIRTSCH sich etablieren, sich niederlassen (beide a. beruflich), engS. ein Geschäft eröffnen

4. fig jemandes Ruhm, Rechte etc begründen:

establish one’s reputation as a surgeon sich als Chirurg einen Namen machen

5. eine Ansicht, Forderung etc durchsetzen, Geltung verschaffen (dat)

6. Ordnung schaffen, eine Verbindung etc herstellen, diplomatische Beziehungen etc aufnehmen:

establish contact with sb mit jemandem Fühlung aufnehmen

7. einen Rekord aufstellen

8. be-, erweisen, (einwandfrei) nachweisen;

establish the fact that … die Tatsache beweisen, dass …

9. die Kirche verstaatlichen: → established 5

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (set up, create, found) schaffen [Einrichtung, Präzedenzfall, Ministerposten]; gründen [Organisation, Institut]; errichten [Geschäft, Lehrstuhl, System]; einsetzen, bilden [Regierung, Ausschuss]; herstellen [Kontakt, Beziehungen] ( with zu); aufstellen [Rekord]; ins Leben rufen, begründen [Bewegung]

establish one's authority — sich (Dat.) Autorität verschaffen

establish law and order — Recht und Ordnung herstellen

2) (secure acceptance for) etablieren

become established — sich einbürgern

establish one's reputation — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

3) (prove) beweisen [Schuld, Unschuld, Tatsache]; unter Beweis stellen [Können]; nachweisen [Anspruch]

4) (discover) feststellen; ermitteln [Umstände, Aufenthaltsort]
2. reflexive verb
establish oneself [at or in a place] — sich [an einem Ort] niederlassen

* * *

(frame) a rule expr.

eine Regel aufstellen ausdr. v.

aufbauen v.

aufstellen v.

begründen v.

einrichten v.

etablieren v.

festsetzen v.

gründen v.

English-german dictionary > establish
20 govern

1. transitive verb
1) (rule) regieren [Land, Volk]; (administer) verwalten [Provinz, Kolonie]

2) (dictate) bestimmen

be governed by something — sich von etwas leiten lassen

3) (regulate) [Vorschriften:] regeln

4) (Ling.) verlangen; regieren [Kasus]
2. intransitive verb
regieren

* * *

verb

1) (to rule: The queen governed (the country) wisely and well.) regieren

2) (to influence: Our policy is governed by three factors.) bestimmen

* * *

gov·ern

[ˈgʌv^ən, AM -ɚn]

I. vt

1. POL

to \govern sb/a country jdn/ein Land regieren

2. (be in charge of)

to \govern an organization eine Organisation leiten

3. LAW (regulate)

▪ to \govern sth etw regeln

▪ to \govern how/when/what... regeln, wie/wann/was...

4. usu passive (be determined by)

▪ to be \governed by sth durch etw akk beeinflusst [o bestimmt] werden

the movement of the tides is \governed mainly by the moon der Gezeitenwechsel ist hauptsächlich vom Mond abhängig

5. LING

▪ to \govern sth case etw regieren

II. vi regieren

to be fit/unfit to \govern regierungsfähig/-unfähig sein

* * *
['gʌvən]
1. vt

1) (= rule) country regieren; province, colony, school etc verwalten

2) (= control rules, laws etc) bestimmen; (legislation) regeln; (= determine, influence) choice, decision bestimmen, beeinflussen; development, person, actions beeinflussen; life beherrschen

regulations governing the sale of spirits — Bestimmungen über den Verkauf von Spirituosen

strict rules governing how much they can earn — strenge Vorschriften darüber, wie viel sie verdienen dürfen

to be governed by sb's wishes — sich nach jds Wünschen richten

3) (= hold in check) passions etc beherrschen; (MECH) speed, engine regulieren

to govern one's temper — sich beherrschen

4) (GRAM) case regieren

the number of the verb is governed by the subject — das Verb richtet sich in der Zahl nach dem Subjekt

2. vi (POL)
regieren, an der Regierung sein
* * *

govern [ˈɡʌvn; US ˈɡʌvərn]

A v/t

1. regieren, beherrschen

2. leiten, lenken, führen, verwalten

3. fig bestimmen, beherrschen, regeln, maßgebend sein für, leiten:

governed by circumstances durch die Umstände bestimmt;

he was governed by considerations of safety er ließ sich von Sicherheitserwägungen leiten

4. TECH regeln, regulieren, steuern

5. fig zügeln, beherrschen, im Zaum halten:

govern o.s., govern one’s temper sich beherrschen

6. LING regieren, erfordern

B v/i regieren, herrschen (beide auch fig)

* * *
1. transitive verb
1) (rule) regieren [Land, Volk]; (administer) verwalten [Provinz, Kolonie]

2) (dictate) bestimmen

be governed by something — sich von etwas leiten lassen

3) (regulate) [Vorschriften:] regeln

4) (Ling.) verlangen; regieren [Kasus]
2. intransitive verb
regieren

* * *

v.

herrschen v.

regieren v.

English-german dictionary > govern

Страницы

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